Routing to IO

Routing to IO#

Routing electrical#

For routing low speed DC electrical ports you can use sharp corners instead of smooth bends.

You can also define port.orientation = None to ignore the port orientation for low speed DC ports.

For single route between ports you can use get_route_electrical

get_route_electrical#

get_route_electrical has bend = wire_corner with a 90deg bend corner.

from functools import partial

import gdsfactory as gf
from gdsfactory.generic_tech import get_generic_pdk
from gdsfactory.samples.big_device import big_device

gf.config.rich_output()

c = gf.Component("pads")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
c.plot()

../_images/82529dea9617a50dd5b09e7c9eed0479986696fe6ca70cac0f16ed965df6d4fe.png

c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_bends")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="bend_euler", radius=30
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/995e371ca4afd7ba6832413b73b11c196d0bdf855fbe2c561056c7369ef5be90.png

c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corners")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner"
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corners_no_orientation")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner"
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/eeeeb6b4c9bc9e812c5e877796459435253c85252a60096724ea793c75120b5e.png

c = gf.Component("multi-layer")
columns = 2
ptop = c << gf.components.pad_array(columns=columns)
pbot = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=columns)

ptop.movex(300)
ptop.movey(300)
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical_multilayer(
    ptop.ports["e11"],
    pbot.ports["e11"],
    end_straight_length=100,
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/a73b349bebc471cb248e43e269da19be6fcc1a848f36ca7de2f7483e52adab25.png

There is also bend = wire_corner45 for 45deg bend corner with parametrizable “radius”:

c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corner45")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=1)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=1)
pt.move((300, 300))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner45", radius=30
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/9cdcab4aff7fbf5e98b3973b59789f27f526b179f8a1acd882121b119f0618e7.png

c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corner45")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=1)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=1)
pt.move((300, 300))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner45", radius=100
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

route_quad#

c = gf.Component("pads_route_quad")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))
route = c << gf.routing.route_quad(pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], layer=(49, 0))
c.plot()

../_images/ccb9adf6875ca43dfc22fea959692632124d8ec4859a5dd86f2ecf13fbf28c50.png

get_route_from_steps#

c = gf.Component("pads_route_from_steps")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_from_steps(
    pb.ports["e11"],
    pt.ports["e11"],
    steps=[
        {"y": 200},
    ],
    cross_section="xs_metal_routing",
    bend=gf.components.wire_corner,
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/930cb507500877d66c718e197b9412db371060205066709e42eb1e19cd9cab75.png

c = gf.Component("pads_route_from_steps_None_orientation")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_from_steps(
    pb.ports["e11"],
    pt.ports["e11"],
    steps=[
        {"y": 200},
    ],
    cross_section="xs_metal_routing",
    bend=gf.components.wire_corner,
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/eb159a8c53990bdb748ff1e4b9eb9429ad12e44b109050d16145e54726d026ec.png

get_bundle_electrical#

For routing groups of ports you can use get_bundle that returns a bundle of routes using a bundle router (also known as bus or river router)

c = gf.Component("pads_bundle")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))

routes = gf.routing.get_bundle_electrical(
    pb.ports, pt.ports, end_straight_length=60, separation=30
)

for route in routes:
    c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/74ad4c3aec1cdb663ea432c1498faef723dcc5c75b39470deaa2a73507bd5e91.png

get_bundle_from_steps_electrical#

c = gf.Component("pads_bundle_steps")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(
    partial(gf.components.pad, size=(30, 30)),
    orientation=270,
    columns=3,
    spacing=(50, 0),
)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((300, 500))

routes = gf.routing.get_bundle_from_steps_electrical(
    pb.ports, pt.ports, end_straight_length=60, separation=30, steps=[{"dy": 100}]
)

for route in routes:
    c.add(route.references)

c.plot()

../_images/37ff67b1c167415a15af17035f32fae505f4165700d076db77b6f94a1e783853.png

get_bundle_electrical_multilayer#

To avoid metal crossings you can use one metal layer.

c = gf.Component("get_bundle_multi_layer")
columns = 2
ptop = c << gf.components.pad_array(columns=columns)
pbot = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=columns)

ptop.movex(300)
ptop.movey(300)
routes = gf.routing.get_bundle_electrical_multilayer(
    ptop.ports, pbot.ports, end_straight_length=100, separation=20
)
for route in routes:
    c.add(route.references)
c.plot()

../_images/65dcd9f02dcc8caff91fb63b096726975f671e1a3419b7c68d86bd4855da5687.png

Routing to pads#

You can also route to electrical pads.

c = gf.components.straight_heater_metal(length=100.0)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_bot(component=c, port_names=("l_e4", "r_e4"), fanout_length=50)
cc.plot()

../_images/642c9d97dbb472744f5b33c0ed25d820b34685e0292e21bb3d91aa9d6b4e281e.png

c = gf.components.straight_heater_metal(length=100.0)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c)
cc.plot()

../_images/c87e2205b97859d7e57b2afb12c5c76c3882c0a1f37d0944381a5fe7332b416f.png

c = gf.components.straight_heater_metal(length=100.0)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c, port_names=("l_e2", "r_e2"))
cc.plot()

../_images/0cd05032c2c4381a05e2ed29edca26c737d1df25cc24e0be289350ac373eec32.png

c = gf.c.nxn(
    xsize=600,
    ysize=200,
    north=2,
    south=3,
    wg_width=10,
    layer="M3",
    port_type="electrical",
)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c)
cc.plot()

../_images/21b4842f1db71e536ca8bab5563b516066bede845c4372e58c872493ac56a2c3.png

n = west = north = south = east = 10
spacing = 20
c = gf.components.nxn(
    xsize=n * spacing,
    ysize=n * spacing,
    west=west,
    east=east,
    north=north,
    south=south,
    port_type="electrical",
    wg_width=10,
)
c.plot()

../_images/d33d8c760000b7baba4e3ed2c10b4ebc8feb50d3425c798727d18b8f72da138a.png

cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c)
cc.plot()

../_images/875e608900446cdb1c0fd09a8ffc3094ae9695a779a51ac63d6d36cfb8ab63ff.png

Routing to optical terminations#

Route to Fiber Array#

You can route to a fiber array.

component = big_device(nports=10)
c = gf.routing.add_fiber_array(component=component, radius=10.0, fanout_length=60.0)
c.plot()

../_images/7904eda2c403d9402958cfb9e341bcd1189d7bd0640c8a8a2a4fb7240cc4c69d.png

You can also mix and match TE and TM grating couplers. Notice that the TM polarization grating coupler is bigger.

import gdsfactory as gf

c = gf.components.mzi_phase_shifter()
gcte = gf.components.grating_coupler_te

cc = gf.routing.add_fiber_array(
    component=c,
    optical_routing_type=2,
    grating_coupler=[
        gf.components.grating_coupler_te,
        gf.components.grating_coupler_tm,
    ],
    radius=20,
)
cc.plot()

../_images/3fcd01035cd6fd1b39ab8b63e73a2d09b9c413fd1578accde37985883325704c.png

Route to Single fibers#

You can route to a single fiber input and single fiber output.

c = gf.components.ring_single()
cc = gf.routing.add_fiber_single(component=c)
cc.plot()

../_images/1ffcf0988d54d163f172d40edf2240553993c2ed075734683a6986f01ccc8de0.png

Route to edge couplers#

You can also route Edge couplers to a fiber array or to both sides of the chip.

For routing to both sides you can follow different strategies:

Place the edge couplers and route your components to the edge couplers.
Extend your component ports to each side.
Anything you imagine …

import numpy as np

import gdsfactory as gf
from gdsfactory.generic_tech import LAYER


@gf.cell
def sample_die(size=(2e3, 2e3), y_spacing: float = 10) -> gf.Component:
    """Returns a sample die

    Args:
        size: size of the die.
        y_spacing: spacing between components.

    Returns:
        c: a sample die.

    """
    c = gf.Component()

    die = c << gf.c.rectangle(size=np.array(size), layer=LAYER.FLOORPLAN, centered=True)
    die = c << gf.c.rectangle(
        size=np.array(size) - 2 * np.array((50, 50)),
        layer=LAYER.FLOORPLAN,
        centered=True,
    )
    ymin = die.ymin
    ec = gf.components.edge_coupler_silicon()

    components = [
        "mzi",
        "mmi1x2",
        "spiral_racetrack",
        "coupler",
        "ring_single",
        "ring_double",
    ]

    cells = gf.get_active_pdk().cells

    for component in components:
        function = cells[component]
        ci = function()
        ci = (
            gf.routing.add_pads_top(
                ci,
                pad=gf.components.pad,
                pad_spacing=150,
            )
            if ci.get_ports_list(port_type="electrical")
            else ci
        )
        ref = c << ci
        ref.ymin = ymin
        ref.x = 0
        ymin = ref.ymax + y_spacing

        routes_left, ports_left = gf.routing.route_ports_to_side(
            ref.get_ports_list(orientation=180),
            cross_section="xs_sc",
            side="west",
            x=die.xmin + ec.xsize,
        )
        for route in routes_left:
            c.add(route.references)

        routes_right, ports_right = gf.routing.route_ports_to_side(
            ref.get_ports_list(orientation=0),
            cross_section="xs_sc",
            x=die.xmax - ec.xsize,
            side="east",
        )
        for route in routes_right:
            c.add(route.references)

        for port in ports_right:
            ref = c << ec
            ref.connect("o1", port)
            text = c << gf.c.text(
                text=f"{ci.name}-{port.name.split('_')[0]}", size=10, layer=LAYER.MTOP
            )
            text.xmax = ref.xmax - 10
            text.y = ref.y

        for port in ports_left:
            ref = c << ec
            ref.connect("o1", port)
            text = c << gf.c.text(
                text=f"{ci.name}-{port.name.split('_')[0]}", size=10, layer=LAYER.MTOP
            )
            text.xmin = ref.xmin + 10
            text.y = ref.y

    return c


c = sample_die()
gf.remove_from_cache(c.name)
c.show(show_ports=True)  # show in klayout
c.plot()  # plot in notebook

2024-05-29 16:44:02.768 | WARNING  | gdsfactory.klive:show:49 - UserWarning: Could not connect to klive server. Is klayout open and klive plugin installed?

../_images/ae758c40bc54a0c54d3234f48bb1db6153656becfef5de19a0295f8b7895288f.png