Routing to IO

Routing to IO#

Routing electrical#

For routing low speed DC electrical ports you can use sharp corners instead of smooth bends.

You can also define port.orientation = None to ignore the port orientation for low speed DC ports.

For single route between ports you can use get_route_electrical

get_route_electrical#

get_route_electrical has bend = wire_corner with a 90deg bend corner.

from functools import partial

import gdsfactory as gf
from gdsfactory.generic_tech import get_generic_pdk
from gdsfactory.samples.big_device import big_device

gf.config.rich_output()

c = gf.Component("pads")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
c.plot()



../_images/4111b74055833fcb81799635550c12fb2123a3abd88a88017422a031d59377e8.png









c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_bends")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="bend_euler", radius=30
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/846537a4d34d899c2cd522eb696897d789235d99a070d224606e1717fafc71a1.png









c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corners")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner"
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/846537a4d34d899c2cd522eb696897d789235d99a070d224606e1717fafc71a1.png









c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corners_no_orientation")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pt.move((70, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner"
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/c53d9fd0e291846f1423dfae72aa0d7779b2961a63d84bd023b224e1d23a54d5.png









c = gf.Component("multi-layer")
columns = 2
ptop = c << gf.components.pad_array(columns=columns)
pbot = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=columns)

ptop.movex(300)
ptop.movey(300)
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical_multilayer(
    ptop.ports["e11"],
    pbot.ports["e11"],
    end_straight_length=100,
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/581cade6c5b7ccf8d8fab767026653e70e08607196532910ef33352cdce2b386.png





There is also bend = wire_corner45 for 45deg bend corner with parametrizable “radius”:






c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corner45")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=1)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=1)
pt.move((300, 300))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner45", radius=30
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/c8732f0b2467a50b2c9ce31417712d87c13507addbc784d5ba03cb03d96b5c9a.png









c = gf.Component("pads_with_routes_with_wire_corner45")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=1)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=1)
pt.move((300, 300))
route = gf.routing.get_route_electrical(
    pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], bend="wire_corner45", radius=100
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/c8732f0b2467a50b2c9ce31417712d87c13507addbc784d5ba03cb03d96b5c9a.png









route_quad#






c = gf.Component("pads_route_quad")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))
route = c << gf.routing.route_quad(pt.ports["e11"], pb.ports["e11"], layer=(49, 0))
c.plot()











../_images/1cf2ed883dc95a9e7f1a73b401fb73419315146bf60fc556ae06b41db4a157f5.png









get_route_from_steps#






c = gf.Component("pads_route_from_steps")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_from_steps(
    pb.ports["e11"],
    pt.ports["e11"],
    steps=[
        {"y": 200},
    ],
    cross_section="xs_metal_routing",
    bend=gf.components.wire_corner,
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/afb0723e6e63fb9fbe2a452f1aa923607df0e826a6c1d52ed6e70b6913fec573.png









c = gf.Component("pads_route_from_steps_None_orientation")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=None, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))
route = gf.routing.get_route_from_steps(
    pb.ports["e11"],
    pt.ports["e11"],
    steps=[
        {"y": 200},
    ],
    cross_section="xs_metal_routing",
    bend=gf.components.wire_corner,
)
c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/2492ed8bd418ba98edc9691c418d365afbe8ae71d57fae3bce10884003d2db9b.png









get_bundle_electrical#


For routing groups of ports you can use get_bundle that returns a bundle of routes using a bundle router (also known as bus or river router)






c = gf.Component("pads_bundle")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=270, columns=3)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((100, 200))

routes = gf.routing.get_bundle_electrical(
    pb.ports, pt.ports, end_straight_length=60, separation=30
)

for route in routes:
    c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/f47a1ff69f8aa0a6d56a75eead88037caf01025428aeb199cb575c2f84f82050.png









get_bundle_from_steps_electrical#






c = gf.Component("pads_bundle_steps")
pt = c << gf.components.pad_array(
    partial(gf.components.pad, size=(30, 30)),
    orientation=270,
    columns=3,
    spacing=(50, 0),
)
pb = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=3)
pt.move((300, 500))

routes = gf.routing.get_bundle_from_steps_electrical(
    pb.ports, pt.ports, end_straight_length=60, separation=30, steps=[{"dy": 100}]
)

for route in routes:
    c.add(route.references)

c.plot()











../_images/b32bc6ae0e78bbcb73c957488c7a62a70fd5385f9d7066304a5e17d9ee5c8f8e.png









get_bundle_electrical_multilayer#


To avoid metal crossings you can use one metal layer.






c = gf.Component("get_bundle_multi_layer")
columns = 2
ptop = c << gf.components.pad_array(columns=columns)
pbot = c << gf.components.pad_array(orientation=90, columns=columns)

ptop.movex(300)
ptop.movey(300)
routes = gf.routing.get_bundle_electrical_multilayer(
    ptop.ports, pbot.ports, end_straight_length=100, separation=20
)
for route in routes:
    c.add(route.references)
c.plot()











../_images/4cdbb08bb50ba316e20ea9ebfad96df927d9261b02d8a57245cf70d40cc61147.png











Routing to pads#


You can also route to electrical pads.






c = gf.components.straight_heater_metal(length=100.0)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_bot(component=c, port_names=("l_e4", "r_e4"), fanout_length=50)
cc.plot()











../_images/eec8e07b92903563d64fbd204c73851d7b69d923c3bc0aebcc2250ceea49a5ab.png









c = gf.components.straight_heater_metal(length=100.0)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c)
cc.plot()











../_images/819a8946988e9c26a69713ad26e5c6be97b58f325195ac1c35096b6bf5472243.png









c = gf.components.straight_heater_metal(length=100.0)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c, port_names=("l_e2", "r_e2"))
cc.plot()











../_images/74f523005a668d9f3b23f3b672a611431f757799c44995097af8b4b162ef51f4.png









c = gf.c.nxn(
    xsize=600,
    ysize=200,
    north=2,
    south=3,
    wg_width=10,
    layer="M3",
    port_type="electrical",
)
cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c)
cc.plot()











../_images/bb31b69a76a74dbc42c1c9bef2abeab9904c15256f82baf10a2265218a5aeeb3.png









n = west = north = south = east = 10
spacing = 20
c = gf.components.nxn(
    xsize=n * spacing,
    ysize=n * spacing,
    west=west,
    east=east,
    north=north,
    south=south,
    port_type="electrical",
    wg_width=10,
)
c.plot()











../_images/37ca1ab2afb69d7c38e898e7d352a46a9ea6ecd7fa99a806560a18e59d30ff31.png









cc = gf.routing.add_pads_top(component=c)
cc.plot()











../_images/6d80b8daecfd7c8ac11a2f3bc913e36ef801503434f6c70ba68c660fc773052f.png









Routing to optical terminations#




Route to Fiber Array#


You can route to a fiber array.






component = big_device(nports=10)
c = gf.routing.add_fiber_array(component=component, radius=10.0, fanout_length=60.0)
c.plot()











../_images/af59535b88893b8f9806f434ac856b92442b5bd6b9849831aba9fca0562ed749.png





You can also mix and match TE and TM grating couplers. Notice that the TM polarization grating coupler is bigger.






import gdsfactory as gf

c = gf.components.mzi_phase_shifter()
gcte = gf.components.grating_coupler_te

cc = gf.routing.add_fiber_array(
    component=c,
    optical_routing_type=2,
    grating_coupler=[
        gf.components.grating_coupler_te,
        gf.components.grating_coupler_tm,
    ],
    radius=20,
)
cc.plot()











../_images/18eeecfdce9cebd362a04beb701f6d6585a63a4f98c4f5fd6ef21cff341d141f.png









Route to Single fibers#


You can route to a single fiber input and single fiber output.






c = gf.components.ring_single()
cc = gf.routing.add_fiber_single(component=c)
cc.plot()











../_images/2353775e27c0fce8433f7224355bd9a31bdb96c4da7d17b6183b04ac022f9a48.png









Route to edge couplers#


You can also route Edge couplers to a fiber array or to both sides of the chip.


For routing to both sides you can follow different strategies:


    

  1. Place the edge couplers and route your components to the edge couplers.
    2. 

  2. Extend your component ports to each side.
    3. 

  3. Anything you imagine …
    4. 







import numpy as np

import gdsfactory as gf
from gdsfactory.generic_tech import LAYER


@gf.cell
def sample_die(size=(2e3, 2e3), y_spacing: float = 10) -> gf.Component:
    """Returns a sample die

    Args:
        size: size of the die.
        y_spacing: spacing between components.

    Returns:
        c: a sample die.

    """
    c = gf.Component()

    die = c << gf.c.rectangle(size=np.array(size), layer=LAYER.FLOORPLAN, centered=True)
    die = c << gf.c.rectangle(
        size=np.array(size) - 2 * np.array((50, 50)),
        layer=LAYER.FLOORPLAN,
        centered=True,
    )
    ymin = die.ymin
    ec = gf.components.edge_coupler_silicon()

    components = [
        "mzi",
        "mmi1x2",
        "spiral_racetrack",
        "coupler",
        "ring_single",
        "ring_double",
    ]

    cells = gf.get_active_pdk().cells

    for component in components:
        function = cells[component]
        ci = function()
        ci = (
            gf.routing.add_pads_top(
                ci,
                pad=gf.components.pad,
                pad_spacing=150,
            )
            if ci.get_ports_list(port_type="electrical")
            else ci
        )
        ref = c << ci
        ref.ymin = ymin
        ref.x = 0
        ymin = ref.ymax + y_spacing

        routes_left, ports_left = gf.routing.route_ports_to_side(
            ref.get_ports_list(orientation=180),
            cross_section="xs_sc",
            side="west",
            x=die.xmin + ec.xsize,
        )
        for route in routes_left:
            c.add(route.references)

        routes_right, ports_right = gf.routing.route_ports_to_side(
            ref.get_ports_list(orientation=0),
            cross_section="xs_sc",
            x=die.xmax - ec.xsize,
            side="east",
        )
        for route in routes_right:
            c.add(route.references)

        for port in ports_right:
            ref = c << ec
            ref.connect("o1", port)
            text = c << gf.c.text(
                text=f"{ci.name}-{port.name.split('_')[0]}", size=10, layer=LAYER.MTOP
            )
            text.xmax = ref.xmax - 10
            text.y = ref.y

        for port in ports_left:
            ref = c << ec
            ref.connect("o1", port)
            text = c << gf.c.text(
                text=f"{ci.name}-{port.name.split('_')[0]}", size=10, layer=LAYER.MTOP
            )
            text.xmin = ref.xmin + 10
            text.y = ref.y

    return c


c = sample_die()
gf.remove_from_cache(c.name)
c.show(show_ports=True)  # show in klayout
c.plot()  # plot in notebook









2025-01-19 23:49:28.965 | WARNING  | gdsfactory.klive:show:49 - UserWarning: Could not connect to klive server. Is klayout open and klive plugin installed?







../_images/86c867159087fda3b25d16ed14c0b51e5cc58d5e6bd03a646937b52a7af5fb44.png