Finite-element mode solver#
You can mesh any component cross-section and solve the PDEs thanks to femwell mode - solver.
Unlike other mode solvers, this actually uses the component geometry instead of a hardcoded geometry.
You can directly compute the modes of a Gdsfactory cross-section (internally, it defines a “uz” mesh perpendicular to a straight component with the provided cross-section).
You can also downsample layers from the LayerStack, and modify both the cross-section and LayerStack prior to simulation to change the geometry. You can also define refractive indices on the active PDK.
import logging
import sys
import gdsfactory as gf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from gdsfactory.cross_section import rib
from gdsfactory.generic_tech import LAYER_STACK, get_generic_pdk
from gdsfactory.technology import LayerStack
from rich.logging import RichHandler
from tqdm.auto import tqdm
from gplugins.femwell.mode_solver import compute_cross_section_modes
gf.config.rich_output()
PDK = get_generic_pdk()
PDK.activate()
logger = logging.getLogger()
logger.removeHandler(sys.stderr)
logging.basicConfig(level="WARNING", datefmt="[%X]", handlers=[RichHandler()])
filtered_layer_stack = LayerStack(
layers={
k: LAYER_STACK.layers[k]
for k in (
"core",
"clad",
"slab90",
"box",
# "substrate",
)
}
)
filtered_layer_stack.layers["core"].thickness = (
0.22 # Perturb the layer_stack before simulating
)
filtered_layer_stack.layers["slab90"].thickness = (
0.09 # Perturb the layer_stack before simulating
)
resolutions = {
"core": {"resolution": 0.02, "distance": 1, "SizeMax": 0.2},
# "clad": {"resolution": 0.2, "distance": 1},
# "box": {"resolution": 0.2, "distance": 1},
# "slab90": {"resolution": 0.05, "distance": 1},
}
modes = compute_cross_section_modes(
cross_section=rib(width=0.6),
layer_stack=filtered_layer_stack,
wavelength=1.55,
num_modes=1,
resolutions=resolutions,
n_guess=2.630929889650573,
)
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Info : Meshing 1D...
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Info : Done meshing 1D (Wall 0.0199215s, CPU 0.059347s)
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Info : Done meshing 2D (Wall 0.0248362s, CPU 0.081214s)
Info : 1832 nodes 3850 elements
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2024-05-10 10:17:01.077 | WARNING | gdsfactory.pdk:get_material_index:576 - UserWarning: get_material_index is deprecated
The solver returns the list of modes
mode = modes[0]
mode.show(mode.E.real, colorbar=True, direction="x")
2024-05-10 10:17:01.567 | WARNING | __main__:<module>:2 - DeprecationWarning: The behavior of passing an array directly to `show` is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Use `plot` instead.
You can use them as inputs to other femwell mode solver functions to inspect or analyze the modes:
print(modes[0].te_fraction)
0.9899657967247257
print(modes[0].n_eff)
(2.630968147813325-4.04220516129551e-20j)
Sweep waveguide width#
widths = np.linspace(0.2, 2, 10)
num_modes = 4
all_neffs = np.zeros((widths.shape[0], num_modes))
all_te_fracs = np.zeros((widths.shape[0], num_modes))
for i, width in enumerate(tqdm(widths)):
modes = compute_cross_section_modes(
cross_section=gf.cross_section.strip(width=width),
layer_stack=filtered_layer_stack,
wavelength=1.55,
num_modes=num_modes,
resolutions=resolutions,
wafer_padding=2,
solver="scipy",
)
all_neffs[i] = np.real([mode.n_eff for mode in modes])
all_te_fracs[i, :] = [mode.te_fraction for mode in modes]
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Info : Done meshing 1D (Wall 0.0060975s, CPU 0.019452s)
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Info : Done meshing 1D (Wall 0.00941779s, CPU 0.026307s)
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Info : Meshing 1D...
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Info : Done meshing 1D (Wall 0.00615232s, CPU 0.016434s)
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Info : Done meshing 2D (Wall 0.033665s, CPU 0.113731s)
Info : 2916 nodes 6060 elements
Info : Writing 'mesh.msh'...
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Info : Done meshing 1D (Wall 0.00633943s, CPU 0.021208s)
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Info : Done meshing 2D (Wall 0.0403172s, CPU 0.120309s)
Info : 3179 nodes 6606 elements
Info : Writing 'mesh.msh'...
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Info : Meshing 1D...
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Info : Done meshing 1D (Wall 0.00614931s, CPU 0.019489s)
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Info : Done meshing 2D (Wall 0.0384884s, CPU 0.123304s)
Info : 3464 nodes 7196 elements
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Info : Writing '/tmp/tmpfhl5bxlr/mesh.msh'...
Info : Done writing '/tmp/tmpfhl5bxlr/mesh.msh'
all_neffs = np.real(all_neffs)
plt.xlabel("Width of waveguide µm")
plt.ylabel("Effective refractive index")
plt.ylim(1.444, np.max(all_neffs) + 0.1 * (np.max(all_neffs) - 1.444))
for lams, te_fracs in zip(all_neffs.T, all_te_fracs.T):
plt.plot(widths, lams, c="k")
plt.scatter(widths, lams, c=te_fracs, cmap="cool")
plt.colorbar().set_label("TE fraction")
